Water Analysis to Determine River Tees Chemical Composition

Water Analysis to Determine River Tees Chemical Composition Water analysis to determine the chemical composition within a section of the River Tees, and the difference between freshwater samples and Sea water. Introduction Water is one of the most fundamental requirements for man’s existence on earth; it is required in so many functions such as for drinking, cooking agriculture and even transportation either biological, (blood) or non-biological such as cargo ships, (Hunt Wilson, 2002). Without water, life as we know it would simply cease to exist; Water is one of earth’s most renewable resources. As such, it is vital that water content is analysed to monitor toxic and non-toxic chemicals entering the water systems, monitor global anthropogenic impact, react rapidly to chemical contamination through accidents or industry, and to enable safe water systems for domestic and agricultural use. One such example of where water analysis has been instrumental is after the recent floods in the UK where overflow from sewers, rivers and run off from industrial sites has allowed chemicals to enter into water systems. Analysis of these systems allows for the damage to be assessed and necessary action to be taken, (Environment Agency, 2014). Our aim of the practical was for us to understand the different methods of water analysis. We conducted a number of tests on a number of freshwater samples and one sweater sample to determine the levels of pH, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate content, ammonia and phosphate content within the water samples; this enabled the analysis of whether there were differences in chemical content between the freshwater samples and sea water. Hypothesis: â€Å"That there is a difference in chemical composition within water samples taken from three sites along the river Tees and a difference between freshwater and sea water†. Method pH Water samples from the Durham University section of the River Tees were analysed using a mixture of both a hand held ultrameter (Myron) and a probe meter. A 10ml quantity of water from all the samples taken was placed in a test tube. A pH probe meter was inserted and the pH results recorded. Using the electronic hand held analyser, the samples were analysed by placing a small amount of the sample into the analysing cup attached to the device. The lid was replaced and the pH button pressed to start the analysis. The results were recorded as shown in table 1. Salinity Water salinity was measured by using a hand held salinity meter with a salinity range of 0-100% (density 0.001sg). A small amount of the water sample was placed onto the deviation prism. The cover plate was closed and the instrument was held up to a light source (natural light) and the reading taken from the salinity gauge and recorded. The analysis was repeated for all the samples and the results were recorded as shown in table 2. Conductivity As per pH but using the Conductivity function on the Myron multi-meter. The analysis was repeated for all the samples and the results were recorded as shown in table 3. Dissolved O2 As per pH but using the dissolved O2 function on the Myron multi-meter and the analysis was repeated for all the samples and the results were recorded as shown in table 4. Nitrate (Nitratest) Nitrates in the water samples were reduced to nitrites using a zinc based reduction agent, (Nitratest powder and Nitratest tablet). The solutions were then transferred to a clean test tube where a re-agent was added, (Nitrocol tablet). The solutions were then analysed for nitrate levels using the Palintest 8000 photometer and the analysis was repeated for all the samples and the results were recorded as shown in table 5. Ammonia We tested the water samples using the indophenol method by the addition of chlorine and catalysts that react with ammonia to form a coloured solution, (Indophenol complex). fig1. Reagents in the form of tablets were then added and the sample solutions analysed using the palintest 8000. The analysis was repeated for all the samples and the results were recorded as shown in table 6. Note: For the Sea water sample (Sample 1), Ammonia conditioning agent was added to prevent the precipitation of salts. Fig 1. Water samples in Indophenol complex form prior to testing for Ammonia. Phosphate LR We tested for phosphates by reducing the samples by ascorbic acid as phosphates react under acidic conditions with ammonium. Catalysts were added to ensure a rapid colour movement as well as an inhibitor to deter any influence from silica present in the solution. Reagents were then added and a period of 10 minutes elapsed prior to placing the samples for analysis testing using the palintest 8000. The results were recorded as shown in table 7. Results: pH The pH values of both the fresh water and sea water samples analysed all fell within close proximity to each other and within the parameters of normal surface water of pH>6.5 – pH Table 1. pH values from water samples taken from the Durham University area of the River Tees and one sample of seawater. Salinity: Only one sample (Sea water) registered for salinity when tested. The Reference -Composition salinity (SR) was 30, (SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127, 2008). Table 2. Salinity values from water samples taken from the Durham University area of the River Tees and one sample of seawater. Conductivity: Electrolyte conductivity recorded in the samples ranged from 8.4 S/m in the sea water sample and between 9.6-10.85 S/m in the freshwater samples. The Seawater sample was higher than the normal range of 5 S/m, and the fresh water samples were within normal parameters 5-55 S/m. (California State Water Resources Control Board, 2004). As shown in Table 3. Table 3. Conductivity values from water samples taken from the Durham University area of the River Tees and one sample of seawater Dissolved Oxygen: Sample 1, (Seawater) falls within the normal range for DO2 as recommended USEPA of >80% DO=83.6. (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999). Samples 2-4 (Freshwater), also fall within the guidelines of freshwater DO2 based on CCREM guidelines of 65% and 100%, DO=76.2-98.7% (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999), as shown in table 4. Note: All samples were analysed in lab conditions at room temperature and as such are subject to the relevant physiological conditions such as pressure and temperature which should be considered, (Henry’s Law etc). Table 4. Dissolved Oxygen values from water samples taken from the Durham University area of the River Tees and one sample of seawater. Nitrate: All the samples tested were within the safe limits of nitrogen content in water, (0-10mg/l), as shown in table 5. (Seawater = 0.82mg/l and freshwater =0.047mg/l to1.52mg/l). (World Health Organisation, 2011). Table 5. Nitrate values from water samples taken from the Durham University area of the River Tees and one sample of seawater. Phosphate: Phosphate levels found in sweater were within the normal range (1.2 mg/l and 1.6mg/l), (Paytan McLaughlin, 2007). The phosphate levels found within the freshwater samples exceed the recommended limits = . Table 6. Phosphate values from water samples taken from the Durham University area of the River Tees and one sample of seawater. Discussion The ocean contains approximately 97% of all the Earths’ water. (Hunt Wilson, 2002). The ocean and fresh water although have similar properties such as the molecular structure H2O, the chemical properties can be quite different. There are many factors that affect the chemical properties of both fresh and sea water, such as pollution, natural occurrences (e.g Algae blooms) and acid rain, and it is imperative that constant monitoring of our water systems is undertaken to be able to act proactively and swiftly to any changes. (Environment Agency, 2014). When considering the results of our analysis, we can see similarities on pH and dissolved oxygen, (Table 1 and table 4 respectively). Both these chemical properties give a clear indication as to the health of the water systems being analysed. A high pH in the seawater sample for example could suggest an increase in acidification, or pollution in the freshwater should a high pH have been found, especially in an area of high industrial manufacturing such as Stockton and Middlesbrough. The most noticeable difference between the samples was the salinity of seawater against freshwater, (Table 2). As one would expect, seawater salinity is considerably higher due to the output of weathering of the Earth’s surface being transported into the oceans. This makes the ocean a different habitat than that of freshwater. Conductivity increases as salinity increases, however this was not found in our analysis. One possible reason could be the time that the sample took to be analysed and the sample temperature as these factors could have affected the results. (SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127, 2008). Nitrate content was lower in seawater. Nitrates are a naturally occurring compound in the water system whether fresh or sea water. However the slightly higher levels of nitrates shown in freshwater could indicate anthropogenic influences due to farming. (World Health Organisation, 2011) High Nitrate composition is also harmful to health as this could cause methemoglobinemia. Nitrates reduce the ability of blood cells carrying haemoglobin resulting in infant deaths. This would also add weight to the higher levels of Phosphates present as it has been suggested that Phosphate increases could be attributed to fertilizer usage and above the levels suggested as acceptable. (White Hammond, 2006). In Summary, the water chemical composition of both freshwater and seawater in general fall within normal expectations and are good indicators of the quality of the water system within an industrialised zone. The hypothesis that there is a chemical difference between the two sample types, freshwater and seawater was proven if only somewhat marginal. Further testing for different chemical composition could find a different result. Exercise Chemical differences between saltwater and freshwater. The major difference between fresh water and salt water is salinity. Freshwater has little or no salt content ( The chemical composition differences between seawater and freshwater can be outlined in order of abundance in table 8. (SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127, 2008) Table 8. Chemical composition of seawater and freshwater in order of abundance. Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen concentrations, (DO), in water is an important factor for all aquatic life. Should DO levels exceed 110%, it can become harmful to marine life and could case the blockage of gas exchange in what is known as â€Å"gas bubble disease†, whilst water that has a DO of less than 5mg/l or lower over a longer period of time can result in fish kills on a large scale and puts stress on all aquatic life. (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999).

Lincoln: Democratic or Autocratic Essay

â€Å"Lincoln was one of the most democratic and also one of the most autocratic of presidents.† Abraham Lincoln was a very democratic president. He believed in the Union and would do anything to keep it together after the secession of the south that followed his election as president. However, to regain the entirety of the Union, he had to make some risky decisions that may have labeled him as autocratic. The fact that he was both democratic and autocratic is valid for the most part. However, the purpose of his tyrannical actions was to preserve the Union. Lincoln could be seen as democratic through his persistent drive to save the Union. After his election in 1860, the deep south seceded from the Union off of the belief that their rights were being violated. Then, following the events at Fort Sumter, the rest of the south seceded. Lincoln did everything in his power to try and regain peace in the country and save the Union from destruction. He stuck with the war for four long and bloody years while the Army of the Potomac was constantly struggling with defeat. If George McClellan had won the presidency, there would be negotiated peace. War would not have been sought out to bring back the southern states. Instead, there would be no guarantee that the south would even return to the Union. In addition, Lincoln did not believe in slavery. Even though he was still racist towards black, he saw the obvious immorality of the establishment. He fought for their freedom through his Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that all slaves in the C onfederacy were free from their masters. Lincoln fought for the preservation of the Union, a symbol of equality and democracy. He would protect it at any cost. With that, he also freed the slaves in the United States, which supported the idea of democracy he felt he needed to protect. Although Lincoln was a man of the people, he could also be considered as autocratic. But his tyrannical decisions and actions were not made for desire of power. He made them out of democratic intentions. Lincoln  suspended the Writs of Habeas Corpus in the area between Washington and Philadelphia, a bold move on his part. The Supreme Court even ruled this action unconstitutional, but Lincoln ignored it. Without putting much thought into it, this does seem unfair and unconstitutional. Put it was wartime, and not all the same rules apply. Lincoln made this decision for the benefit of the war effort. There were mob attacks on Union troops passing through Baltimore, so by suspending the writs, civilians supporting the Confederacy could be arrested and held without a trial. In addition, Lincoln expanded the size of the Union Army without congressional approvement. But of course, this was vital to the war, since this action allowed the North to outnumber the South. Also, the Emancipation Proclamation was considered unconstitutional by some. Lincoln pushed this act through that would free all the slaves in the Confederate territory without the vote from the states it would affect. But Lincoln’s reasoning behind this was that by making the war about slavery, it would prevent England and France from joining the fight, for if they did, it would be a lost cause for the North. In addition to this, Lincoln hoped that the free blacks would provide further trouble for the South. Not only would the freedom for all the South’s blacks completely shake their economy, they could also join the fight for their freedom. Lincoln did many things in extending his executive power that may have been seen as tyrannical and autocratic, but the reason he made these decisions was to protect and preserve the Union as a symbol and model of democracy. Abraham Lincoln was clearly democratic as he fought to maintain the Union as a whole. He was also the one responsible for the freedom of African Americans. And even though he did take some autocratic action during his presidency, it always had some benefit for the war effort, whether it was disrupting the Southern economy to make the anaconda plan work faster, or to detain Confederate sympathizers in the Union. Without Lincoln’s bold behavior, the war would never have been won. Without him, the Union would be broken.

Southern Expansion And Its Impact On The United States Essay

Southern expansionism took on many forms in the United States between the years 1789 and 1860. Examining southern history for these years shows how slave-grown cotton played a major factor in southern expansion, specifically through the issues of the Louisiana Purchase, soil erosion, the desires of yeoman farmers and planters, Indian removal, the interstate slave trade, the independence movement in Texas, the Mexican War, filibusters in Central America, and especially concerning relations between the southern and northern states. However, southern history shows us that while the growth of southern cotton did in fact play a large role in the rationale for expansion, but there are other concerns involved here. Most notably, the constant dilemma of the slave to free state representation in Congress additionally played a large role in why so many southerners decided to pack up and head west. These two reasons can be explained as the two most primary concerns involving the sudden growth o f southern expansion. Despite cotton being one of the major factors that led to southern expansion, it can be proven by examining southern history that the constant struggle between northerners and southerners to balance the ratio of slave to free states in Congress additionally played into expansion. Starting chronologically was the issue of the Louisiana Purchase. This was an issue for many Americans because when Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States at the time, agreed toShow MoreRelatedThe Secession Crisis Of 1860-18611637 Words   |  7 Pagesand 1861, many events had impacts on the United States that lead up to the secession crisis of 1860-1861. Slavery had great impacts on the country, such as the economic effect of the South overestimating its importance due to the prevalence of slave grown cotton. 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However, the impacts of industrialization left challenges, prompted factors for expansion, and established geopoliticalRead MoreThe Civil War And The Antebellum Years From 1845-1861940 Words   |  4 PagesMany events in the United States helped form the country today. One of the more prominent events was the Civil War and the antebellum years from 1845-1861. Due to expansion in the West, discussions began about how the state was going to join the Union and later the issue of slavery was introduced. Many Northern states sought to halt the spread of slavery into the new territories while Sou thern states wanted to expand slavery. These disputes lead to bloodshed as the South began to feel that theirRead MoreThe Decline Of The Colonial Era929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Colonial era was the beginnings of what was to become the United States of America. The transition from the Colonial period to what is now known as the United State came by way of the American Revolution. 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Psychological Theories, Freudian, Object Relational, And...

In this paper, the author will delineate the following developmental theories, Freudian, Object Relational, and the main components found in Attachment. The main theorists that will be addressed include, Sigmund Freud, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and some work of Melanie Klein. The author will provide a detailed explanation on attachment and object relations theory and how it can be incorporated with a client who is suffering from Anorexia Nervosa and how the impact of development correlates with this specific clientele. As well as, examples of therapeutic interventions utilized in a clinical setting will be explored through the course of this paper. According to Freud’s conception, there are five stages in psychosexual development,†¦show more content†¦During the latency stage, the child/client begins to imitate their behaviors, mannerisms, speech, and values of culture. For instance, this will initially allow the child to identify with their primary sexual characteristics towards the corresponding parent, leading to increased sexual desires and behaviors. Sexual latency begins from the age of six and lasts approximately five years. The child begins to associate with the same sex orientation and is able to distinguish appropriate behaviors in society, creating the superego. The genital phase begins from the ages of eleven to eighteen, which comprises of increased pleasure from masturbation and is experienced more frequently than the anal stage. Freud rationalized that all individuals are homosexual creatures; however, individuals do not experience homosexual behaviors or relationships. Throughout this stage , individuals will begin to formulate relationships with the opposite sex, which supersedes further development of the superego leading to individuation and autonomy (Garcia, 1995). In the next sections, the author will discuss the framework of attachment theory by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth since both theorists worked collaboratively with attachment styles and object relations theory. John Bowlby coined the theory of attachment based on the object relationsShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesNovember 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The Metaphorical Approach Organising Processes Understanding Change Conflict, Negotiation, and the Politics of Change Group and Team Working Cultures and Leaders as Cultural Agents Trust Linking the Themes Introductory NotesRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesA) target markets B) capital markets C) tertiary markets D) demographic markets E) developing markets Answer: A Page Ref: 10 Objective: 3 Difficulty: Moderate 31) ________ reflects a customers judgment of a products performance in relation to his or her expectations. A) Brand equity B) Satisfaction C) Value D) Perception E) Brand image Answer: B Page Ref: 10 Objective: 3 Difficulty: Easy 32) The value of an offering is described as ________. A) the price consumers are

Air Pollution Health and Environmental Impacts Assignment

Essays on Air Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts Assignment The paper "Air Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts" is a wonderful example of an assignment on environmental studies.a The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a concept that was coined by the World Health Organization to describe the idea that not all years are created equally in health terms. For example, an individual who is suffering from a disability such as COPD will not have the same quality of life as a completely healthy individual and therefore their year cannot be quantified in the same way. It is a way of understanding the burden of disease on lifestyles and judge how much of a burden different issues are on how an individual lives their life (Gurjar, Molina Ojha 170).b According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 4.6 million life-years are lost due to air pollution every year (Gurjar, Molina Ojha 173). c Particle size has an effect on health. Particles that are larger than 10 nanometers in diameter are found in the upper regions of the respiratory tract, such as the nose and upper throat. Particles 1 nanometers in diameter or less can reach the lower areas of the respiratory tract, such as the very base of the lung (Gurjar, Molina Ojha 171). The types of effect that these have on health, therefore, differ – larger particles are likely to cause superficial illness such as a cough, whereas smaller particles in the lower echelons of the lung are likely to have a larger effect as they are more likely to reach the bloodstream and other areas of the body. All particles can cause premature death, heart attacks, irregular heartbeat and problems in individuals with asthma, as well as being linked to COPD (Gurjar, Molina Ojha 180).

What is Hip-Hop Free Essays

Decades ago, hip-hop was associated and characterized with baggy pants and loose shirts. Hip-hop connoted one’s identity and is also considered as a form of self expression. However, that connotation has evolved through time. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Hip-Hop? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These days, hip-hop is not just mainly a self-articulation; it is now more of a culture and a movement that focuses on music, fashion and self-articulation. During the 1970s, only several black radio stations played disco music which gave negative implication on African Americans. Because of this, they reacted and responded by hosting â€Å"block parties,† which is usually comprised of disc jockey (DJ)–a person who plays funk, disco and soul music–within their communities. A little later, hip-hop started to emerge in Bronx when a DJ named Clive â€Å"Kool Herc† Campbell utilized percussion break beats to craft songs derived from Jamaican dance hall music. Hip-hop, thus, started to flourish. Performers who spoke in sync with beat became known as emcees (MCs). Few of the famous groups in this field are Afrika Bombaataa and the Zulu Nation (Coger, 2009). Afrika Bombaataa was the one who coined the term hip-hop and gave rise to the emerging popularity of the genre. According to Afrika Bombaataa, hip-hop was derived from Lovebug Starski, a South Bronx disc jockey wherein he always says, â€Å"hip hop you don’t stop that makes your body rock. † Bombaataa started using the term by pertaining to ghetto-culture that emerged on the streets. Moreover, his concept of hip-hop covered urban street expression and attitude such as gestures, language and stylized clothes that were attributed with street culture (Reyes 47-49, 98). Nowadays, hip-hop has extended its meanings, definitions and characterizations. Hiphop, a word usually spelled as hip-hop, Hip-hop, Hip-Hop or Hiphop (â€Å"HipHop†), is a cultural movement than began in urban youth in New York, from primarily African American which further extended around the world (â€Å"Hip Hop†). Its emergence represents black youth organization, an illustration of a particular species of social movement. Hip-hop, as a movement, needs to be discussed carefully because its depiction is occupied with style, performance, opposition, leisure, consumption, representation and entrepreneurship (Watkins 65). On the other hand, hip-hop is also exemplified as a form of music. It is a billion dollar industry and one of the most renowned music genres in the world (Coger). It encompasses four elements namely MCing, DJing, graffiti art and break dancing. Others consider beat boxing as its fifth element (â€Å"Hip Hop†). Since its acceptance and creation, hip-hop has conjured up its wonder by commemorating its origins and by maintaining its expression of social, political and personal struggles (Rentas 2009). The aforementioned definitions of hip-hop can be traced from Bombaataa; however it is not anymore applicable to the hip-hop acts of today because several famous artists do not anymore embrace hip-hop as a self-expressive message; instead they frequently produce music for the sole reason and purpose of selling a commodity (Berky and Greer). Hip-hop, in another sense, is more than just a form of music. It is also considered as a state of being, a form of expression, spoken words, a mindset and a lifestyle. It is also a manner of articulating one’s self by way of dress, language, writing, personality, attitude and behavior (Leslie). Hip-hop is a culture that materialized as a worldview among adults and youth born after 1965. It covers shared beliefs, practices and language, all of which are bound together by a common appreciation for urban aesthetic. Hip-hop as a culture and worldview possesses two essential characteristics: the urban youth aesthetics and urban youth experience (Ginwright 31). Hip-hop as an urban youth aesthetic is most distinguishable through its physical features that are articulated through music, language, clothing and art. It pertains to the visual and artistic expression. On the contrary, hip-hop as an urban youth experience is molded by economic seclusion, poverty and struggle â€Å"to make it out† of the paraphernalia of ghettos. It validates and legitimizes the experiences of pain, hostility, fear, hope and love that have been overlooked in mainstream America for the urban youth. Thus, the relationship between black youth identity and hip-hop cannot be separated (Ginwright 31-32). Furthermore, hip-hop is regarded as a social movement. Social movement is generally characterized by sociologists as collective efforts that endeavor social change. However, hip-hop as a social movement follows different pattern because of three important considerations. First is its emergence as a movement which belongs in the field of pop culture, is a discipline not commonly considered as political and not generally recognized as capable of producing social change. Second is the fact that it is founded and patronized by youth and creative people, who are not ordinarily looked upon as interested in implementing social change. Lastly, it allows the participants to see themselves as part of a bigger society. Thus, it creates a sense of collective identity and organization. Hip-hop as a movement represents a different mode of intervention in the social realm (Watkins 65). If hip-hop is not acknowledged then as a movement that can make a change in the world, on the other hand, it is essential to look at it from another side. Today, hip-hop has revolutionized new genres of music, such as reggaeton, and has influenced the political system. One good example is when Kilopatrick, from a hip-hop generation, defeated the Detroit’s current mayor Gil Hill. It is because the youths from the hip-hop generation have already grown and have already obtained the right and freedom to vote. Their voices have already begun to be heard in the political spectrum. During that time, the election is divided by generation gap that the candidates represented for. The victory of Kilopatrick illustrates the hip-hop’s power over the political arena in order to craft political changes, which for them are very important (qtd. Berky and Greer). Hip-hop is hailed for creating impacts on the society, especially to women of color. Hip-hop, hence, gives a space and outline for their lives. It can be sifted in their hair style, as well as in the way they run, pose, turn, talk and walk. Women has now influenced and affected most elements of hip-hop such as break dancing, poetry, MC, DJ, graffiti artists, beat boxing and pop locking. Hip-hop has also made its way on beauty pageants and top models just like how Tyra Bank’s UPN show, America’s Next Top Model, chooses two hip-hop fashion models in the previous two years (Leslie). On the other hand, hip-hop has been one of the sources of controversies. As such, it has already been blamed and accused of elevating violence, misogyny and homophobia (â€Å"Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes†). Critics have also said that it promotes rebellion and prostitution. Several hip-hop artists exploit women of color through their song lyrics which depict contempt of women (Leslie). Hip-hop is not just a style of fashion where the youth wears baggy clothes, tattoos or ghetto attires (Leslie). Hip-hop comes in many forms. It is a social movement because its members are youth of a particular community who expresses and articulates their voices and ideas through MCing, DJing, graffiti art and poetry. Even some of hip-hop forms have inculcated political activism within its tenets. Hip-hop is also a cultural movement because it mirrors the culture of a particular group during a particular time. It transpires in a community setting where youth creates a collective identity of the group and of the hip-hop culture itself. Nonetheless, hip-hop is a form of music. Nowadays, it is considered as one of the most well-known genres by marking a history in the music industry. Moreover, hip-hop is indeed an expression of one’s self – a form of articulating and expressing one’s nature and character through hair styles, fashion, music, language and representation. How to cite What is Hip-Hop?, Papers

Early Learning Centre Lead Educator Childhood Education

Question: Discuss about theEarly Learning Centre Lead Educator for Childhood Education. Answer: Present Australian Early Childhood Education and Care System and the Role of Leadership: The period that starts from the birth to being five years of age is vital in many perspectives for the development, future and well being of children. However there are many fragments of Care and Education for Early Childhood also known as ECE (Bell, Jean-Sigur and Kim, 2015). The present care and Education of Early childhood in Australia provided by a diverse group of education providers in a combined market which includes profit, non profit and government organization along with organization based on community. A division between the different mix of providing care and education to the early child has slowly started diminishing. Today Child care in Context of Australia also comprises the family of a child. It has been divided into services for care occasionally and care for long day along services for children of school-aged (Children.gov.on.ca, 2015). More than eight hundred thousand children in Australia are provided formal care services for child that includes more than six hundred thousand children below the age of six (Whalley, 2008). The system of education Preschool had been a common phenomenon in Australia. Leadership plays a big role in this part. A Leader establishes the fact that early child care is more than education and care to the children (The role of the educational leader, 2012). Children need to be more than what guidance they are being provided. The leader must have a enthusiastic interest in curriculum of early childhood and the interest for learning more. In order to provide innovative way for education and care the leader must investigate new ways of thinking (Branscomb and Ethridge, 2010). A leader must also make an effort to establish a relationship for the staff that would lead to constructive and open conversations for a curriculum. A leaders leadership should also identify contributions, backgrounds, experience of diverse nature that the education providers should bring forth for effective care and education to children (Crowe, McLeod and Ching, 2012). There had been families who could not provide ample time for a proper care of their children so they opt for institutions that provide early education for children. With an experience of providing guidance to a child I experienced that children wants attention, especially that from their close acquaintance but if a regular interaction happens then they easily finds it easy to trust the person. Child care requires a good amount of patience so that teaching is done in a careful manner (Whitehead, 2008). The current Australian education of early childhood is undergoing a rapid change, policies of education and childcare and related services have been concentrating over community views and values about the womens essential role for care providing and the familys sanctity. Very recently the strong changing and lobbying insight about the economic significance of women along with trajectories of the development of young children have concluded initially in a stronger commitment of the government for labour supply and child care in better idea for the significance of early childhood care and education program. Today, the junction of the ideological positions on non-parental care for children and the actuality of the participation of women workforce mean that, majority children needs some form of care by the non-parents. Nevertheless, despite the importance of care and social shifts there is no universal entitlement of care and education for children during compulsory schooling. The role of a leader not only limits to the institute or organization he belongs to. The role is for a better society of children. Leaders lead and provide guidance to their staff for performing better in their job. The job is to provide a good standard of care and education. The efficiency does not lie in the quality the standard but in the innovative and acceptable way of providing education and care. Hence creativity is the key player for a leader (Gestwicki and Bertrand, 2011). The leader should apply creativity in their way of teaching as well as encourage their staff to creatively apply effective process of learning. This process must be ensured that they are helpful and will work effectively in making a child learn at his/her early age (Isenberg and Jalongo, 2010). I think along with care and education activities relating to moral guidance for the children is also very important. This is because if a direct message is given to children regarding what to do and what not to do then that wouldnt make an imprint in their mind and wont last for long. Whereas playful activities like teamwork and importance of understanding how to behave and understand what is right and what is wrong is a vital and most appreciating task. National Quality Framework, National Quality StandardandEarly Years Learning Framework and the Role of Leadership: Every Childs future is nurtured by the care giver which provides a better development in the early stage of a child. This requires a good quality of care and education that provides better developmental and educational outcomes. The national quality standard initiates a new concept of quality standard across family day care, long day care, outside school hours and preschool. For a Bed (ECE) student, it is necessary to have a complete understanding of the trends and matters in care and education for children from birth to 8 years old and be well prepared for further studies or work in the field of care and education for young children. The teacher should have a Certificate of Ontario Teacher. The BEd ECE learners program helped me to take on positions that need a strong base in early care and education. The benefits of being able to examine the standards for national professional are- It helped in understanding the importance of not only teaching young children but also understand the meaning of leadership. Outcomes like better health are achieved with good quality care and I think employment and education are the good outcomes that a child prospers when they grow. In order to provide a good quality of care it is needed to maintain a ratio of staffs because children need to rely on people and also they need to adopt the comprehending style of teaching. To o many ways would make it hard for children to adapt learning process. The main aim of national quality framework was to provide the best possible start in life for children and the accountability and transparency of teaching. The national quality standard: It provides the educational and developmental benefits to the childrens which includes: The quality ratio of improved educator and child. Greater care and attention individually for children Enhanced skilled educators Quality support for development and learning and National register for parents to access information about quality of care service and education in this field. The Early years learning framework: the framework Through the early years of learning outcome I have gained some experience on the complex and integrated learning and development of childrens around five years of age, I found that the children have a good sense of identity at this stage. They are very much contributed to their world. They have strong sense wellbeing and they are confident learners. In my knowledge and experience I have seen that the process of learning is influenced by the capabilities of children, their preferences and dispositions. I have also understood the importance of engaging communities and the families of the child. The outcomes clearly demonstrated that how the basic three elements practices, outcomes and principles guides the assessment and decision making for the promotion of children learning. Issues Around Quality in Early Child Education and the Role of Leadership: Children are good learners at a very early age they tend to copy and repeat what exactly they see. Use of abusive language makes a negative impact to the children (SUMSION, SHEPHERD and FENECH, 2010). Here the physical environment and the conversation of parents are to be partly blamed. Anything colourful and moving attracts the children therefore it is obvious that the children gets attracted to videos in T.V or Laptops or in Tabs, if the content conveys a good message without abusive use of language then it helps to set a proper environment and helps in their growth (Maher and Bellen, 2014). Children require attention and their creativity needs to be encouraged. I have seen at a very early age children has a good imagination power and they see things in a simple way of their own. This imagination power is now very much affected by what happens around and what is been forcefully implemented (Maynard and Waters, 2014). If a child is asked to interact with a television personality live in a show, then the way he will behave will differ from the way he usually behaves. This is because their parents generally implement the idea of how to behave and what to say so that the personality would get impressed (Pearson and Degotardi, 2009). Definitely a child needs to learn how to behave but not suppressing his/her imagination at stake. There are certain issues related to ECE and care they are: For working families it is crucial to afford and access quality childcare, there are also some issues like the impact of early childhood development of later learning and life outcomes, the importance of ECEC services in supporting participation of workforces specially among the working mothers. In this context the role of leadership is: To encourage the staff for having a session with the parents of a child. To create a strategy for making ECEC affordable and accessible for the families To enhance the quality of education and care providers by constant evaluating, designing training schedules for them and evaluation process. Guide the subordinate whenever required. Capacity and assessment of qualities for leading a team of Educators: Having an overview on teachers professional standard on national level helped in understanding the professional practice, learning and engagement facilities that helps in improving the teaching quality. It provided an overall guidance on how teacher should contribute positively through their Experience and how they are expected to do the four career stages, that is the proficient highly accomplished, graduate and the lead (Teacherstandards.aitsl.edu.au, 2015). Self assessment on leadership according to Australian teachers professional standards: Focus area Leadership traits assesment Physical, intellectual and social development features of student For these children it is important to have special skilled staff and with the help of these staff a meeting will be helped for a session in order to guide them for enhancing the students. Providing innovative strategy like bush preschool and help to guide teachers on guiding gifted childrens and provide opportunities for them to flourish Focus area IOPS Implementation of range of strategies. Helping to conduct workshops that help in child development. Comprehend the learning style of students Provide process for evaluating teaching styles using workplace knowledge and students feedback on how much they understand the subject. Have the enthusiasm to welcome ideas from subbordiates and add something more to make it effective. Students with diverse backgrounds Revise and evaluate school teaching and learning programs, using community knowledge and expert view along with experience in order to meet the requirements of students with varied socioeconomic, religious, cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Informally building a relationship with students and their guardians so that how much learning si helping them and make the staffs involve with the schedule of the learners. Strategies for teaching Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal students with the help of Torres strait and aboriginal students develop teaching program by enhancing collaborative relationship Have had an experience of interacting with such community and have the interest on working with them Differentiate education to meet the exact learning needs of learners across the full series of abilities Lead the staff for evaluating an effectual teaching and learning programs o students including the whole range of abilities. Like utilizing data for improvement for yearly curriculum. Studying about training staff and being a trainee I have an idea on what a trainee needs and how much effort and interest is needed. Strategies to sustain full contribution of students with disability Lead and initiating review on the policies of school for engaging students with disability. Like language interventions. Knowledge guidance on agriculture and science. Conduct monthly policies for evaluating on the progress of the students in an average basis. Have an idea of evaluating database. This assessment is an aim to demonstrate the experience and capacity of leadership potential. There are certain aspects where I need to work, that are in order to implement a good strategic plan for the organization it is very important to understand the structure of the organization and make relevant policies. More innovation is needed in my operation than using old rules and policies. Patience is a big skill that I need to have for any evaluation and one thing that I should follow is fair policy by avoiding favouritism. The Leadership and Management for Improving the Quality of ECE Where the manager focuses on the structure there a leader concentrated on his people. The leader is an example setter whom everyone should follow. A manager is someone whom people will follow but one who is controls and guides people is a manger. According to my experience a teacher should be an excellent manager as well as a leader. A teacher should influence their student to be like him/her. But a manager would just control them and give them directions. When a teacher goes beyond teaching a student thats when a leader get his way. While working for a reputed educational centre I experienced conflicts among the children which needed to be controlled tactfully. For a child it is important to pay attention and to give necessary lesson and make them understand where they went wrong. This was done in such a way that they understood the importance of behaving in a disciplinary way and the significance of apologizing. Apart from that I helped my colleague to sort out an issue that happened between a parent and her. Everyone should know how to behave with the families and the children. It is also important as an educator to establish a fair treatment of children of disability, other communities and of poor background. 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