Survivals of sumerian types of architecture Essay Example For Students

Stabilities of sumerian sorts of engineering Essay I.v association with an archeological overview in southern Babylonia made in January, February and March, 1926, for the American School of Oriental Research in Baghddd, the essayist, while on time away from Goucher College, had the benefit of examining kinds of old engineering exposed by late unearthings. The struc tural stays at Tell cl-Obcid and Ur went under exceptional perception and demonstrated of the most noteworthy enthusiasm as instances of workmanship in working among the Sumerians. During a similar review fortresses raised by Arabs and utilized by them right now were noted in different segments of the investigated territory. By virtue of specific similitudes be tween the themes of these buildings and the structures uncovered on the dividers of revealed ruins, a premise of correlation exists which shows an endurance of a portion of the compositional types of antiquit}. In the event that one beginnings from Ur in the southern part ofâ as Mesopotamia is presently called, an d continues northwest for around four miles, the marginally raised ddbris of Tell el-Obeid, little in degree, will be reached. Dr. II. R. Corridor, of the British Museum, started the ex cavation of Tell el-Obeid in 1919 and made various significant discoveries.1 The total examination of the archeological material in this hill was practiced by Mr. C. Leonard Woolley for the British Museum and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in a battle which started the last piece of 1923. The fundamental outcome was the divulgence of the foundation of a sanctuary worked by An a ni-cushion da, lord of Ur, child of Mes-a ni-cushion da, ruler of Ur. We will compose a custom paper on Survivals of sumerian kinds of engineering explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This inception of the sanctuary is known from a recorded marble tablet which was found in its proximity.1 Mr. Woolley shows the likelihood that these vestiges of a structure raised in the fourth thousand years B.C. speak to the most established appropriately recognized work of any imperial developer. The primary piece of the strong stage comprises of â€Å"brick-earth and mud brick.† Around nearly the entire of the stage up to a stature of somewhat more than five feet is a consumed block containing-divider. Aside from in its lower courses this divider is charac-terized by what Mr. Woolley calls â€Å"a arrangement of shallow braces and recesses.†4 Figure 1 shows the style of enrichment simply portrayed atâ a point where an incompletely safeguarded flight of stairs protrudes.1 Such a building highlight probably given a particularly framed ap pearance to the exteriors of the sanctuary stage. The ziggurat at Ur was fundamentally a Sumerian sanctuary tower of extraordinar y honorability and effortlessness in structure. Its vestiges were revealed by Mr. Woolley during the period of removal when Tell el-Obeid was investigated.2 Tho present day artist’s endeavor at a reestablished pic ture dependent on archeological information gives one a brief look at the prob capable unique greatness of this old place of worship. Indeed, even the piece of it which has gotten away from the assaults of time, i.e., the lower stage with its three colossal flights of stairs , is ‘ the most rousing of the antiquated monu ments of ‘Irq.†4 Fortunately the remainder which has kept going to the current day returns to Ur-Engur, a Sumerian ruler of the Third Dynasty of Ur, who ruled about the center of the third thousand years B.C.4 The four surfaces of this monstrous base, framing a square shape 130 feet by 195 foot, are not opposite. There is a chosen inclination or slant, and the support or board plan of Tell el-Obeid is more skil completely executed ,6 showing a positive development in building art.â a definitive correlation which this article looks to present is between the ziggurat at Ur and current Arab fortifications which display slanting and framed sides. Be that as it may, interceding periods in the historical backdrop of Mesopotamian engineering ought to be noted. At Ur the excavators reve aled a ‘‘Hall of Justice,† which has a place with the center of the second thousand years h.c. As indicated by accessible pictorial portrayals its vertical sides were built with an articulated utilization of recesses.1 Towards the center of the principal thousand years B.C. Neo-Babylonian lords utilized wide shallow breaks on structures with opposite dividers. A case of this is the east front of the southern bastion at Babylon raised by Nebuchad rezzar II. Last, the sanctuary of Ninmah at Babylon, Epatu tila,4 the sanctuary of Ninib at Babylon, Frida,5 the sanctuary of Nabil at Borsippa, the Anu-Adad sanctuary at Ashur, worked by Shalmaneser II, and the doors of the alleged observatory of Sargon’s castle at Khorsabdd7 show a similar technique for breaking the repetitiveness of outside dividers. During the Parthian time frame, going from the third century B.C.to the third century a.d., a comparative compositional improvement was used,â as is demonstrated by stays at Warka, Nippur3 and Hatra.4 Following in sequential request stands Ctesiphon,5 a glorious Sassanian structure constructed alout a century later than Hatra. The exterior of its incredible divider is secured by what Miss Gertrude L. Ringer in 19(h) appropriately portrayed as â€Å"a shallow beautification of specialties and drew in segments which is the last word in the Asiatic treatment of divider spaces, the finish of the long history of imaginative undertaking whic h started with the Babylonians and was revived into new power by the Greeks.†6 Coming down to Mohammedan occasions, the outstandingâ model is Ukhaidir, where specialties like those at Ctesiphon endure. There bend no engravings at Ukhaidir contemporaneous with the starting point of the structure, and subsequently it is hard to date tho ruin, however Miss Bell marshals significant confirmation to show that it has a place with the eighth century a.d. furthermore, that it sprang from either late Um mayad or early Abbasid art.2 A notable structure of the Abbasid time frame, which went on until the thirteenth century a.d., is the manor of El-Ashiq at Samar ra. This structure is designed with rectangular recessed boards containing littler curved specialties. Since there is proof that the technique for divider design viable had persistent arrangement in Mesopotamia fromâ Sumerian to Abbilsid times, one ought not be astounded to discover indications of its endurance in existing Arab engineering in southern ‘Irq. This steadiness of a theme of the builder’s craftsmanship doesn't, remain without anyone else, yet is resembled by the conservation of different types of Sumero-Baby- lonian culture, portrayed by the author in another publication.4 An assessment of the going with pictures uncovers the noteworthy closeness between the beautiful rule of the ziggurat. at Ur and that utilized in present day Arab structures. Figure 4 shows an Arab fortress of consumed blocks in a town along the Shatt elHai, which moves through the focal point of southern Babylonia. The lower part, of the tenderly inclining structure has delightfully executed breaks, whileâ the upper part presents an organized impact, with openings for repulsing assault by guns. Figure 5 shows a structure of conventional dirt dividers built along comparative compositional linos. It is situated toward the southeast of the lower some portion of the Shatt el-Hai. The announcement ought to be made that these structures are interesting in the towns where they exist. The remainder of the residences are standard reed or dirt hovels. At the point when it Is recollected that tho ziggurat at Ur was un secured as of late as the 1923-24 crusade of unearthing, the essentialness of these Arab structures with inclining sides and recessed boards can be comprehended. The flawlessness of masterful structure ex hibited by them can't have been an abrupt securing on the partâ of current Arab draftsmen. The workmanship more likely than not proceeded in some structure or other from the Abbsid time frame to the current day. Along these lines a specific kind of ornamentation on exteriors, progressively connecting itself with other masterful structures, can be followed in the architec tural stays of the Tigris-Euphrates valley from the fourth millen nium B.C. to the main thousand years a.d., well into the Mohammedan time, with proof of its utilization in present Arab structures in southern ‘Iraq. Its motivation is practiced by what essayists portray as ‘ shallow buttresses,† â€Å"rectangular niches,† â €Å"horizontal zones,† or â€Å"recessed panels.† This basic even plan for separating the outside surfaces of structures is completed on inclining just as vertical dividers. There need lie no inquiry with respect to a definitive motivation behind this wall painting lopsidedness in the finely planned opposite structures of the Babylonians enemies of Assyrians and their imitators, the Parthians, Sassanians and Mohammedans. For example, the Assyrian archiâ tect, so as to create a difference of light and shadow, isolated the outside of a divider â€Å"into exchange compartments, the one striking, the following set back, and upon these compartments he furrowed the long queues of his decoration.†1 Hence we may presume that the appar ent support of a framed surface â€Å"had no item but to diminish the dreariness of the structure.†2 One can barely question that such a reason for existing was answerable for the embellishment on the block work around the Sumeria n sanctuary stage at Tell el-Obeid, as the breaks are shallow in examination with the thickness of the divider. As to the wrinkled, inclining sides of ziggurats an alternate recommendation has been made. Handcock states that â€Å"the alleged ‘buttresses’ of the stage towers of Babylonia and Assyria are in most of cases water-courses for depleting the upper platforms.† Concerning the ziggurat at El-HibbaHilprccht composes, â€Å"Water was stolen away by a channel of prepared blocks, which simultaneously filled in as a support for the lower story.† It is basically difficult to respect the recessed boards of the ziggurat at Ur as water-conductors, since there is adequate proof to show that the highest points of th

Health Record System-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: You are to depict the issue in your own words, and the abilities and advantages. You have to make a Project Vision Document which contains: Problem Capabilities Benefits Answer: Presentation My Health record framework is utilized for the chronicle all the wellbeing related data about the patients in Australia. Headspace is an association that is engaged with the treatment of the individuals who are intellectually not well matured in the middle of 12 to 25. The wellbeing record would be effective in filling the need of the association (Lee et al, 2016). The report gives insights concerning the My Health Record and the related data to it. The report comprises of the issues, ability and the advantages of the framework. Issue The fundamental issues that are looked by the frameworks are (Hibbard Greene, 2013): Error in recording of information proficiently: The framework likewise requires to record the tales of the patient suitably and henceforth if the framework doesn't record the information of the patients effectively the framework would not give any sort helpful for the associations that are utilizing the my wellbeing record framework. Absence of perceivability in the usage of the system: The implementer of the system needs to have the correct vision so he can characterize the best possible working of the framework. In the event that the originators are not acclimated with the necessity of the framework relevantly then the framework would be wasteful. Specialized flaws identified with the framework: The specialized blames in the framework would emerge in the framework if the equipment and the product design of the framework are not done appropriately. Notwithstanding this the inadequacy of the equipment gadget would result in the mal working of the whole framework. Ability The primary capacities of the framework are (Jone Furkawa, 2014): Taking care of more than each patient in turn: The framework can store a lot of information and furthermore would be fit for keeping up the patients information effectively. This would resolve the issues of entering the information for the patients over and over. Consequently, this would permit the framework to deal with more than each patient in turn. Planning of arrangements: The framework would save a record for the specialists and this would permit the patients to assemble data about the specialists (Rieckmann et al., 2016). Furthermore, the patients would have the option to sign in to the framework and book meetings with the ideal faculty and this would permit sparing time for the patients and furthermore they would be dealt with productively by the specialists. The patients would be remembered structure standing and the holding up in the lines so as to be checked. Use of time: The framework would likewise bring about the usage of the ideal opportunity for the association and thus, additional time can be spent productively on the finding of the patients. Subsequently the framework would bring about the expanded proficiency of the jobs of the association and furthermore pace up their tasks. Advantages The framework would give different kinds of advantages to the association. The principle advantages of the framework are (Sultan, 2014): Advantages for the specialists of the associations: The framework would profit the specialists the most as all the data about a specific patient would be put away in the framework. Subsequently, the specialist doesn't need to experience all the subtleties over and over and play out the determination. Advantages of the medicinal services associations: The social insurance associations would be profited as they don't need to spend such a large amount of cash on keeping up the records for the patients. This would likewise expand the productivity of the human services arrangement of the nation. Advantages for the patients: The usage of the framework would likewise give different sort of advantages to the patients. They would have the option to just book an arrangement on the web and furthermore they would not need to play out a few kind of test over and over this would spare their expense of treatment. Advantages for the staffs in the associations: the staffs would likewise be profited structure this framework as they would not need to keep up the records and play out the reiteration of same methods over and over. End For end it tends to be said that My Health Record System has the ability to give different kind good for the social insurance association of Australia. The report gives insights regarding the My Health Record and the related data to it. The report comprises of the issues, capacity and the advantages of the framework. Henceforth, the usage of the framework is relevantly advocated by this report References Hibbard, J. H., Greene, J. (2013). What the proof shows about patient initiation: better wellbeing results and care encounters; less information on costs.Health affairs,32(2), 207-214. Jones, E. B., Furukawa, M. F. (2014). Appropriation and utilization of electronic wellbeing records among governmentally qualified wellbeing places developed considerably during 201012.Health Affairs,33(7), 1254-1261. Lee, G., Park, J. Y., Shin, S. Y., Hwang, J. S., Ryu, H. J., Lee, J. H., Bates, D. W. (2016). Which clients ought to be the focal point of versatile individual wellbeing records? Investigation of client qualities affecting utilization of a fastened versatile individual wellbeing record.Telemedicine and e-Health,22(5), 419-428. Rieckmann, A., Weber, F., Braun, T., Grueneberg, C. (2016). Facilitators and hindrances utilizing an electronic patient wellbeing record framework in physiotherapya overview among physiotherapists in Germany.Physiotherapy,102, e270-e271. Ruler, N. (2014). Utilizing distributed computing for human services arrangement: Opportunities and challenges.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), 177-184.

Anti-Alcohol Antabuse Implant Used in Eastern Europe

Anti-Alcohol Antabuse Implant Used in Eastern Europe April 27, 2019 Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Antabuse (disulfiram) is a common anti-alcohol drug that is used in the United States and the United Kingdom in a daily pill form. It is effective, however, if you are seeking a version of the drug that is implanted and that works non-stop for 12 months, then you have to go to Eastern Europe. Only one alcoholic drink is enough to make you violently ill. For this reason, it has been found to be an  effective alcohol-deterrent drug. Medical Vacations for Antabuse Implant Treatment In 2010, a news article in the Daily Mail of London showed that many professional women from the U.K. would travel to Eastern European clinics in Latvia, Poland, and Ukraine, on a medical vacation to get the medical treatment package for a cost of about $4,400, which included travel, accommodations and the treatment. A Latvian clinic reported in 2010 than 80 percent of its clients were women in their late 30s and 40s, mostly from the U.K. The health center claimed that the women shared a common thread, most were having problems balancing motherhood, career, and home life, and they would secretly drink at home to get through their day. How Does Antabuse Work?   In the U.S., Antabuse is the oldest medication approved by the FDA for the treatment of alcoholism. Unlike newer medications for alcoholism that either stop the pleasurable effects of alcohol or dampen your craving to take a drink, Antabuse works by producing an  extremely  negative reaction every time you take a drink. Antabuse is a medication that blocks the normal breakdown of alcohol in your system, making you extremely ill within minutes. It causes symptoms similar to a hangover, but much more severe.   In general, you might experience a drop in blood pressure and a rapid heartbeat. Other symptoms include dizziness, severe sweating, intense headaches, heart palpitations, hyperventilation, and shortness of breath. Nausea and vomiting are common effects as well. Antabuse as an Implant In Eastern European clinics, the Antabuse implants are placed under the persons skin above the stomach. The implant releases a constant dose of the drug over a 12-month period. I would say 95 percent of the inquiries weve had are from women who tell us they are at home drinking sometimes as many as three bottles of wine a night. Many of them have been telling us that nobody knows about the level of their drinking and they are desperate as they know they are destroying their lives and the lives of those they love, said Russell Hughes, owner of Aluston Health in Riga, Latvia. Research Studies on Antabuse Research has shown that long-term use of Antabuse is effective because it can help you stop drinking  by helping you break the habit of drinking. Antabuse can help you stop drinking long enough to find out that you can live without alcohol. The drawback, at least in the U.S., is that the drug is only available in daily pill form and you can simply stop taking the pill at any time and take up drinking again. That is not as easy to do with an under-the-skin implant.

Slavery During The Pre Civil War - 852 Words

During the Pre-Civil War period much of the United States engaged in slavery. Slavery is the keeping of slaves (individual(s) under the domination of another) as a practice or institution. Both the North and South engaged in slavery, however, their views of slave rights and treatments were very different. Slavery proponents were for slavery, while abolitionists were against it; in either case those enslaved were Negros and their owners were white. Slavery proponents used stereotyping and racial prejudice to justify their needs to engage in slavery. Slavery proponents like George Fitzhugh whose racial theory argued that Negros were â€Å"inferior to whites, nothing more than overgrown children with a lack of moral or intellectual capacity in need of someone to guide or govern them.† Fitzhugh says â€Å"he the Negro will become a burden to society† with his claims that slavery in the United States is far better than that of Africa, where he would become â€Å"idolatrous, savage and cannibal.† Slavery was appalling and pure neglect for the human race. There was absolutely no proof or fact based knowledge that Negros lacked morals, furthermore if there was a lack of intellect it was from the white man monopolizing education and power in an effort to hold the Negro back in order to create a weaker class. According to â€Å"The ‘Mudsill’ Theory† James Henry Hammond demonstrates his racism in his speech to the US Senate negating that â€Å"in all social systems there must be a class to do the menialShow MoreRelatedThe Responsibilities Of Directing The Slave Labor1637 Words   |  7 PagesThere are some Civil War scholars who maintain the theory that the responsibilities of directing the slave labor was the catalyst for the downward spiral of Southern women’s morale. While the opinions about the institution of slavery varied during the Civil War, depending on circumstances such as location and amount of slaves, there were two general opinions from Southern women. Either Southern women felt that slavery was a blessing or a burden. Women such as Catherine Edmondston saw their slaveholdingRead MoreEssay about The American Civil War688 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Civil war was a series of transactions, or exchanges, between the North and the South. Th ese transactions involved over 1 million Americans who put their lives at risk for the liberation of the country’s slaves. These transactions were influenced by three paramount concepts: perspectives, values, and relative evaluations of costs and benefits. In the midst of this tumultuous period of time in American history, these concepts shaped not just the people themselves but the social, politicalRead MoreThe During The Civil War875 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades that proceeded before the Civil War had taken place, Americans witnessed an abundance of trial, error, and triumph during their attempt to revise the American society. Some of the main focal points of the remaking of our society would have been the Market Revolution, Urbanization, Abolition, States Rights and Westward Expansion. Without these contributing factors, our society may not have excelled in the ways that it did prior to the Civil War. (The Pre-Civil War Era (1815–1850). 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Critics during that time found the portrayal of the white characters insulting, because they were too well balanced in comparison to the white citizens and slave owners in the 1800’s. I personally disagree with these critiques, and argue that the white characters Walker writes about before the Civil War, are given are given a balanced presentation in order to juxtapose the white characters she describes after the Civil War. Walker’s descriptionRead More African American Hardships Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Hardships During pre-colonial African kinship and inheritance, it provided the bases of organization of many African American communities. African American men were recognized for the purpose of inheritance. They also inherited their clan names based on their accomplishments, as well as other things when one decease. Land was not owned in many parts of Africa during the pre-colonial period. It was yet held and distributed by African American men. Access to the land by women dependedRead MoreAfrican American Hardships1306 Words   |  6 PagesDuring pre-colonial African kinship and inheritance, it provided the bases of organization of many African American communities. African American men were recognized for the purpose of inheritance. They also inherited their clan names based on their accomplishments, as well as other things when one decease. Land was not owned in many parts of Africa during the pre-colonial period. It was yet held and distributed by African American men. Access to the land by women depended on their obligations orRead MoreWhat If Abraham Lincoln Hadnt Died? Essay626 Words   |  3 PagesIf Lincoln hadn’t died, a question that every student has come across while learning about the civil war, but what if he hadn’t died had reconstruction would had been better? Had former slaves gained better civil rights? Although these questions have no real answers and all we can come with are speculations, in Eric Foner’s essay he seems to address these questions with some acceptable reasons that made me come to the conclusion that if Lincoln hadn’t been assassinated the period of reconstruction

Can Ethics Be Taught Essay examples - 1615 Words

What are ethics? Ethics are the set beliefs and values of an individual which they apply to circumstances relating to morality. To act in an ‘ethical’ manner, an individual must display integrity by doing what they believe to be right. When working within any professional body, an individual will be subjected to circumstances in which personal ethics will come into play. The Accounting profession is no different as ethical questions arise as part of any working day and can effect how an individual or the company conducts business. These questions can vary greatly in practice from selection of new customers to the rates at which those clients are going to be charged. These ethical questions are raised regularly within the workplace†¦show more content†¦One of the main inputs on creating personal values is based on that of the family. As a child grows, a general understanding of right and wrong is created which then develops as the child grows older. These basic concepts often start at a family level and will vary depending of the values of the responsible adult in charge, or lack thereof. General family life creates a lot of circumstances which affect morality and this is why ethics vary greatly within the population. This means that a child who has a family member or someone close to them who is involved in criminal or illegal behaviour can form a lower set of personal values because this is what they have grown up around. The same can be said about religion with respect to morality. A large focus of any religious body is to differentiate between good and evil (or right and wrong), as well as instilling a sense of integrity and morality. It has been argues that the dramatic increases in crime and intolerance is a direct result of the huge decreases in people practising religion (1). Religion teaches followers to base their actions on positive and productive actions; therefore many religious followers claim to have a far superior ethical standpoint (and ‘understating of personal ethics’ (1)). Although this point is generally well accepted, the morality of certain aspects of religion can be criticised. Not all religions agree on general teaching and therefore childrenShow MoreRelatedCa n Ethics Be Taught?1626 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are ethics? Ethics are the set beliefs and values of an individual which they apply to circumstances relating to morality. To act in an ‘ethical’ manner, an individual must display integrity by doing what they believe to be right. When working within any professional body, an individual will be subjected to circumstances in which personal ethics will come into play. 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Ethics also helps to distinguish between honest and dishonest characteristics in people. In business, ethics is something that is essential to one’s moral compass. It is something that is taught through the child rearing process and into a child’s formative years. Ethics requires knowledge. Fundamentally this suggests thatRead MoreImplementing an Applied Ethics Course at The University of Tampa1506 Words   |  6 PagesWhen pursuing a college degree, ethics is tailored to the course being taught, i.e. Accounting, Finance, and Economics to name a few. Ethics does not appear to be offered as a separate required course for all disciplines, which raises such questions as, is there a need for an ethics course? Do students know enough about ethics for ethical thinking and action? Ethics encompasses a set of principles, philosophy, or theory relating to principles. 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The speaker in the essay question suggest that the former argument is correct, and that engineering courses should have the goal of teaching students to master the standards set out by codes of ethics as following these is what engineering ethics consists of. This means that students should be taught that instead of making their own decisions about moral issues, theyRead MorePersonal Ethics Paper1160 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Ethics Statement According to Guido, ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the evaluation of human action. A broader definition would be that ethics involves the principles or assumptions underpinning the way individuals or groups ought to conduct themselves. In today’s continuous changing world, the one thing that remains constant for most of us is our personal value system of beliefs, known as ethics. Ethics can also be referred to as morals. Therefore, ethics are those

A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership Free Essays

Introduction This critical reflection is focused on my own experience of leadership whereby I suggest areas for my own development. I am also using herewith leadership theory and concepts in analysing and evaluating the leadership case that I am presenting. Leadership is a process or series of actions directed toward group goals; it is a consistently demonstrated pattern of behaviour with certain objectives (Ricketts and Ricketts, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now The leadership experience that this paper tackles is centred on my previous supervisor in a previous job, who I call â€Å"Mr. M.† I deem it interesting to use my experience with his leadership case as I believe this would allow me to suggest areas for my own development. The case is therefore an observation of leadership in action where I am not a leader. Critical Reflection: Analysis and Evaluation Mr. M delegates tasks as a way to manage the myriad responsibilities within the workplace. Often, meetings are called for in order to update the whole team on the work that members have accomplished. Mr. M’s listening skills were excellent, in that he never missed any single point of information being related to him. From this set of information, he was able to synthesise clearly the ideas being presented to him; regard each chunk of information as a potential contribution to what the team was trying to achieve, and identify the problems and challenges along the way. He did all this with the help of the team, in which it must also be noted that teamwork is a necessary element of leadership, which must be considered in successful leadership (Parker, 2008). A good attribute that was commendable of Mr. M was his ability to see positively a certain scenario despite our perceived griminess of it. He was a democratic leader who held the final responsibility whilst delegating authority to others. With his leadership, our communication – both upward and downward – was active. There was likewise high employee commitment because we were able to participate in the decision-making process of our team. This way, Mr. M. was able to encourage employees to function beyond just being rank-and-file workers. This concept of leadership was also present in Pride and colleagues (2010) in their discussion of leadership styles. Moreover, this scenario was harmonious with transformational leadership theory, which is focused on people’s interaction with others as they create a solid relationship that leads to trust, which in turn leads to increased intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in both the leader and the followers (Gittens, 2009; Lu ssier and Achua, 2010). Job autonomy was also encouraged much in the team and the organisation itself, with a minimum space for supervision from the supervisor himself. This way, as a member of the team, I was able to enhance my commitment to the job as I likewise felt being the one who owned the tasks and felt a sense of achievement in return. Greater job autonomy certainly created identity in the job amongst us who were tasked to fulfill them. This atmosphere of responsibility and autonomy made me and the others appreciate our jobs better. This was also parallel to what Bligh and Riggio (2013) say about autonomy and job control in which they claimed that they (autonomy and job control) lead to employee empowerment. May I say that my own engagement with my work was drawn from high levels of empowerment and autonomy, which my supervisor helped to foster, especially in leader-follower distance, with the leader not always being present to look over the followers’ shoulders (e.g. Bligh and Riggio, 2013 ). Transactional theory could be found in the case example, whereby it demonstrates a transaction between the leader and the followers, giving importance to a positive and mutually beneficial relationship (Martin et al., 2006). The effectiveness of this theory is found in the development of a mutually reinforcing environment, for which individual goals and those of the organisation are in synch. Furthermore, problem solving was not a sole task of our supervisor, but one that involved everyone in our team; thus, a group-shared activity. Mr. M acted as much to take the role of a facilitator in his intention to involve everyone in problem solving, laying down his views and opinions toward a particular direction, without dismissing others’ perspectives. The path-goal theory is seen in this example, whereby the leader directs activities, with varying manners. The theory maintains that the leader sees a path that needs to be trod and gets the group to accomplish it by commanding, rewarding, soliciting suggestions, etc. (Griffin and Moorhead, 2012). However, I came to know that he did not go through development programmes for creative problem solving, which I think is necessary, considering that for a leader, the use of collaborative skills and creativity techniques is part of the leadership strategy, just as what Higgins (2012) had suggested. In this regard, since Mr. M enabled his people to work well in delegation, he was able to function well as a coach. He was the kind who was willing to delegate and was comfortable to hand off assignments to the team. The kind of matters he delegated to those he led was not simply those referring to tasks but to responsibilities, which also harmonised with the discussion of Lussier and Achua (2010). Mr. M was not the kind of leader who would think that he was the boss with adequate knowledge and experience as an approach to problem solving. Solving problems by a leader because he thinks he is the most capable one is what Tracy (2013) called reverse delegation. Instead, Mr. M avoids committing this reverse delegation by making us define the problem clearly, developing a range of solutions, and selecting a solution being recommended. I believe Mr. M was able to grow his staff – which was one of his major responsibilities as a leader – by helping them develop problem-sol ving skills. I once asked him for a solution to a certain problem, and his responses was (as always) â€Å"What do you think must be done in this situation?† Thus, in many cases, he was able to make team members determine the best course of action for a certain problem or situation. There were times when a problem seemed too overwhelming to be handled by a member and would seek his help, to which his usual response would be to insist that the person must learn how to do it, with his guidance. Incidentally, Tracy (2013) stated that in case an employee returns to the leader with a complain that he/she could not do the job rightly, it is better for both of them if the leader guides the person in accomplishing the job rather than taking it back and adding it to his load, which is probably full. As much as he could, Mr. M does not take sides or intervene in interpersonal problems, to which some people in our team would attempt to make him a mediator or a counselor. His tendency was not to express an opinion showing favour to one party over the other. This stance was also taken as positive by Tracy (2013), who said that as a rule, one would not be able to have the full story, and once a leader takes a particular position, it might mean weakening his authority with both persons in the future. As a result of good performance, the performing employee was rewarded by the leader. Areas for My Own Development Based on the case presented, the suggested areas for my own development as a leader are: delegating responsibilities to my team members, promoting decision-making through problem solving, and motivating the workforce through a high degree of autonomy and job control. I have learned through this exercise that delegating responsibilities is not only to free or unburden the leader of the many workloads but to provide opportunities for growth. Similarly, involving the whole team toward a problem-solving activity results in providing an opportunity for decision making. Noteworthy here is the fact that decision making allows employees to become more involved in the job (Bhattacharya and McGlothlin, 2011). I am also noting that a high level of autonomy in the job necessitates corresponding skills sets for the work, in which employees with high job autonomy tend to perceive greater responsibility for either the success or failure of their efforts, and are also likely to experience increased job satisfaction (Lewis et al., 2007). My members’ skills must therefore be in synch with the level of autonomy required in their job, and that I could help them work on developing their skills through related training and coaching. Conclusion To conclude, the leader plays a crucial role in the development of members and in achieving organisational goals. This insight was demonstrated by this critical reflection through its discussion of delegation, problem solving, job autonomy, and maintaining one’s authority by not taking sides in members’ problems with interpersonal relationships. Mr. M was able to promote trust and motivation both for himself and for his team members, typical of transformational leadership theory. Transactional theory had also demonstrated a specific transaction based on a mutually beneficial relationship between the leader and the followers. This case also complemented with the path-goal theory in which the leader guides the members in treading a desired path. The case led to identification of my own areas for development. References Bhattacharya, A. and McGlothlin, J. D. (2011) Occupational Ergonomics: Theory and Applications. Second Edition. NW: CRC Press. Bligh, M. C. and Riggio, R. E. (2013) Exploring Distance in Leader-Follower Relationships: When Near is Far and Far is Near. NY: Routledge. Gittens, B. E. (2008) Perceptions of the Applicability of Transformational Leadership Behavior to the Leader Role of Academic Department Chairs: A Study of Selected Universities in Virginia. Parkway: ProQuest LLC. Griffin, R. W. and Moorhead, G. (2012) Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage-Learning. Higgins, J. M. (2012) The role of HR in fostering innovation in organizations. In G. M. Benscoter (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (pp. 226-238). NJ: John Wiley Sons. Lewis, P., Goodman, S., Fandt, P., and Michlitsch, J. (2007) Management: Challenges for Tomorrow’s Leaders. Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education. Lussier, R. and Achua, C. (2010) Leadership: Theory, Application, and Skill Development. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Martin, B., Cashel, C., Wagstaff, M., and Breunig, M. (2006) Outdoor Leadership: Theory and Practice. IL: Human Kinetics. Parker, G. M. (2008) Team Players and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Pride, W., Hughes, R., and Kapoor, J. (2010) Business. Tenth Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ricketts, C. and Ricketts, J. (2011) Leadership: Personal Development Career Success. Third Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tracy, B. (2013) Delegation and Supervision. NY: AMACOM. How to cite A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership, Essay examples

WomenS Lib Arguments Against Female Inferiority In Diane WakoskiS B E

Women'S Lib: Arguments Against Female Inferiority In Diane Wakoski'S Belly Dancer In Belly Dancer, Diane Wakoski is endorsing the Women's Liberation Movement in an effort to rouse repressed women into supporting the Movement. The Women's Lib strives for equal rights and female freedom (Vanauken). The belly dancer in her poem is a member of the movement and seeks the awakening of the restrained women who have been raised as proper women. Wakoski satirizes the women who do not support the movement by portraying them as uptight and ignorant people. She disagrees with their sentiments and lifestyle but knows that the women could be efficient members in a more egalitarian society. In the first stanza of the poem the poet emphasizes the word movement by repeating its root word, move, twice. The word movement implies the Women's Liberation Movement, and that it moves itself is her statement that the process is natural and expected, the next logical step in society. It places the movement out of her hands as just a poet and gives it a deeper power, as if it was a thing itself with a need for advancement. The thin green silk that is worn by the belly dancer is very sensual image and is alluring as silk clings to the skin and is often extremely sheer. The green is the colour of envy, which may be felt on a subconscious level by the women seeing the grace and sex appeal of the dancer. Also it is the colour of nature, again suggesting that the wearer is only performing a natural act. In the conclusion of the stanza the dancer expresses her belief that women feel a natural sensuality and therefore any woman wearing such fabrics/ would move her body just to feel them t ouching every part of her. The second stanza has the women in the audience displaying their disgust with the belly dancer, as they try to cover up and they act falsely, not seeing what the performer is doing, for that would be below them. The fear they show is of being tempted away from their perfection, which is one they have created based on Victorian beliefs. The manner of the belly dancer, carefree and confident, is an alien principle to some women in the sixties. The psychologists that these women would have seen would almost certainly be male and the somehow (line 8) would represent Diane Wakoski's belief that a male most likely would be unable to comprehend the Women's Liberation Movement. The awakening (line 9) in themselves that the women fear is suggested by Wakoski that all women have an inborn desire that has the potential to be extremely powerful. The fact that it is the men who would be incapable is a strong statement that she is making against the inferiority of women. The women have sexual pent up energy because they are restrained by their beliefs in Sigmund Freud's incorrect conclusions about women's sexuality. Freud stated that women have two types of orgasms, bad immature clitoral orgasms and good mature vaginal orgasms. This stated that a female was totally dependent on the penis to experience normal pleasure (Freeman). In stanza three Wakoski strongly satirizes the women not supporting the movement by portraying them as uptight, unfeeling and weak. She says that the women fear liberation, and not being repressed, so they protect themselves by hiding behind their clothes and show no skin or sexuality. The framework (line 12) that they hope will support them is a system of society set up in the past, one that places women in an inferior position. They hope they will not feel all of the emotions that they know the belly dancer feels, out of fear that they will lose their treasured self-control. The fourth stanza notes the temptation felt by the women in the audience. This is depicted as a snake, which is a biblical reference representing temptation. It is the snake that lured Eve into sin and brought it upon Adam as well. The snake tempted Eve into eating an apple from the Garden of Eden against God's will, and her actions resulted in the banishment of humankind from paradise. The parallel to this poem is that women